Doctoral Thesis

The role of alkali silicates in the technology of inorganic binders

Final Thesis 3.67 MB

Author of thesis: Ing. David Markusík

Acad. year: 2026/2027

Supervisor: doc. Ing. Lukáš Kalina, Ph.D.

Reviewers: Prof. Ana Carolina Constancio Trindade, doc. Ing. Pavlína Hájková, Ph.D.

Abstract:

Improving the durability and extending the service life of concrete structures remain important challenges in the field of construction materials. One possible approach is the application of surface treatments capable of penetrating and modifying the near-surface region of concrete, thereby limiting the ingress of water and aggressive substances. Therefore, the present work combines theoretical analysis of colloidal silica chemistry and alkali silicate systems with experimental investigation of lithium silicate solution-based surface treatments intended for cementitious materials. Particular attention was devoted to gelation, syneresis, gel evolution, and interaction with cementitious substrates.
The obtained results demonstrated that initiator type and concentration strongly influence gelation kinetics and subsequent gel evolution. For nitrate initiated systems, the effectiveness of individual alkali cations in promoting gelation decreased in the order K+ > Na+ > Li+, following the Hofmeister series. The performed experiments further revealed that the major redistribution of dissolved species occurred during the early stage of gel formation, whereas the later stages of ageing were dominated predominantly by gradual physical densification of the gel structure (syneresis). Special emphasis was placed on the optimized HEX0.9 system initiated by hexylene glycol, which exhibited pronounced pore refinement in the near-surface region together with significant reduction in water absorption of treated cementitious materials. The model system prepared in a simulated cementitious environment enabled detailed investigation of gel evolution under conditions relevant to real cementitious materials. XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and ICP OES analyses provided additional insight into the chemical and structural evolution of the formed gels.
The presented findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the physicochemical processes governing lithium silicate systems and demonstrate the potential of optimized systems based on these materials for reducing water transport in cementitious materials. At the same time, the observed shrinkage and syneresis behaviour indicate that further optimization of these systems will be required for practical long-term applications.

Keywords:

Alkali silicates, gelation, syneresis, rheology, colloidal dispersion, sealer, electrical double layer, surface treatment

Date of defence

18.09.2026

Result of the defence

Defended (thesis was successfully defended)

znamkaPznamka

Process of defence

Předseda komise představil doktoranda a předal mu slovo. Kvůli účasti zahraniční oponentky probíhala obhajoba v angličtině. The chair of the committee introduced the doctoral candidate and gave him the floor. Due to the participation of an international opponent, the defense was conducted in English.

Language of thesis

English

Faculty

Department

Study programme

Chemistry, Technology and Properties of Materials (DPCP_CHM_4_N)

Composition of Committee

doc. Ing. František Šoukal, Ph.D. (předseda)
prof. Ing. Jaromír Havlica, DrSc. (člen)
doc. Ing. Eva Bartoníčková, Ph.D. (člen)
prof. Ing. Jozef Vlček, Ph.D. (člen)
prof. Dr. Ing. Martin Palou (člen)
doc. Ing. Pavlína Hájková, Ph.D. (člen)
Prof. Ana Carolina Constancio Trindade (člen)

Supervisor’s report
doc. Ing. Lukáš Kalina, Ph.D.

The doctoral dissertation submitted by Ing. David Markusík, titled “The role of alkali silicates in the technology of inorganic binders,” presents a detailed investigation into the chemical behaviour of these systems. Conducted at the Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, BUT, the research focuses specifically on their physicochemical mechanisms and applied potential as surface treatments for cementitious materials.
The thesis stands out for its methodical approach to improving concrete durability through lithium silicate surface treatments. Building on a solid theoretical foundation in colloidal silica and alkali silicate chemistry, David designed a systematic experimental framework focusing on gelation kinetics, syneresis, and substrate interactions. His work on optimized glycol initiated gels highlights a deep understanding of both surface chemistry and material performance.
A key strength of the candidate’s doctoral trajectory was his expertise in advanced analytical techniques, specifically Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). David developed into a fully independent operator of these complex systems. His ability to process and interpret compositional and microstructural data directly enhanced the scientific depth of the work.
The scientific quality of the dissertation is clearly reflected in the candidate’s strong publication output. According to Web of Science, David has authored or co-authored twelve peer-reviewed papers in major international journals, including the Journal of Building Engineering, Ceramics International, and Open Ceramics. In addition, he actively presented his research findings at international scientific conferences.
David’s professional growth was further enhanced by a six-month research stay at the University of Palermo and a multi-week research placement at Ghent University, which significantly broadened his scientific scope and international collaboration skills. Alongside his primary research, he played an active role in institute projects, serving as a reliable team member on grants funded by the Czech Science Foundation (GAČR).
Beyond his research duties, David contributed significantly to the institute’s educational activities by leading Laboratory Classes in Inorganic Chemistry, as well as providing consultations for bachelor’s theses. Throughout his studies, he demonstrated high personal autonomy, strong organizational skills, and excellent experimental precision. His collaborative and constructive approach made him a valued member of the team.
Overall, the submitted thesis proves that Ing. David Markusík has reached a high level of scientific competence and contributed valuable, original knowledge to the field of inorganic binders. The work meets all legal and academic requirements for a doctoral dissertation. I fully recommend it to be accepted for defense before the expert committee.
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Posudek oponenta [.pdf] 263,53 kB

Responsibility: Mgr. et Mgr. Hana Odstrčilová