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Doctoral Thesis
Author of thesis: Ing. David Markusík
Acad. year: 2026/2027
Supervisor: doc. Ing. Lukáš Kalina, Ph.D.
Reviewers: Prof. Ana Carolina Constancio Trindade, doc. Ing. Pavlína Hájková, Ph.D.
Improving the durability and extending the service life of concrete structures remain important challenges in the field of construction materials. One possible approach is the application of surface treatments capable of penetrating and modifying the near-surface region of concrete, thereby limiting the ingress of water and aggressive substances. Therefore, the present work combines theoretical analysis of colloidal silica chemistry and alkali silicate systems with experimental investigation of lithium silicate solution-based surface treatments intended for cementitious materials. Particular attention was devoted to gelation, syneresis, gel evolution, and interaction with cementitious substrates. The obtained results demonstrated that initiator type and concentration strongly influence gelation kinetics and subsequent gel evolution. For nitrate initiated systems, the effectiveness of individual alkali cations in promoting gelation decreased in the order K+ > Na+ > Li+, following the Hofmeister series. The performed experiments further revealed that the major redistribution of dissolved species occurred during the early stage of gel formation, whereas the later stages of ageing were dominated predominantly by gradual physical densification of the gel structure (syneresis). Special emphasis was placed on the optimized HEX0.9 system initiated by hexylene glycol, which exhibited pronounced pore refinement in the near-surface region together with significant reduction in water absorption of treated cementitious materials. The model system prepared in a simulated cementitious environment enabled detailed investigation of gel evolution under conditions relevant to real cementitious materials. XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and ICP OES analyses provided additional insight into the chemical and structural evolution of the formed gels. The presented findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the physicochemical processes governing lithium silicate systems and demonstrate the potential of optimized systems based on these materials for reducing water transport in cementitious materials. At the same time, the observed shrinkage and syneresis behaviour indicate that further optimization of these systems will be required for practical long-term applications.
Alkali silicates, gelation, syneresis, rheology, colloidal dispersion, sealer, electrical double layer, surface treatment
Date of defence
18.09.2026
Result of the defence
Defended (thesis was successfully defended)
Process of defence
Předseda komise představil doktoranda a předal mu slovo. Kvůli účasti zahraniční oponentky probíhala obhajoba v angličtině. The chair of the committee introduced the doctoral candidate and gave him the floor. Due to the participation of an international opponent, the defense was conducted in English.
Language of thesis
English
Faculty
Fakulta chemická
Department
Institute of Materials Science
Study programme
Chemistry, Technology and Properties of Materials (DPCP_CHM_4_N)
Composition of Committee
doc. Ing. František Šoukal, Ph.D. (předseda) prof. Ing. Jaromír Havlica, DrSc. (člen) doc. Ing. Eva Bartoníčková, Ph.D. (člen) prof. Ing. Jozef Vlček, Ph.D. (člen) prof. Dr. Ing. Martin Palou (člen) doc. Ing. Pavlína Hájková, Ph.D. (člen) Prof. Ana Carolina Constancio Trindade (člen)
Supervisor’s reportdoc. Ing. Lukáš Kalina, Ph.D.
Reviewer’s reportProf. Ana Carolina Constancio Trindade
Reviewer’s reportdoc. Ing. Pavlína Hájková, Ph.D.
Responsibility: Mgr. et Mgr. Hana Odstrčilová