Master's Thesis

Non-Terrestrial Networks System Modeling for Narrowband Internet of Things

Final Thesis 10.19 MB Appendix 3.92 MB

Author of thesis: Ing. Mihraban Rzgar Abdullah Abdullah

Acad. year: 2025/2026

Supervisor: Ing. Dinh Thao Le

Reviewer: Ing. Martin Štůsek, Ph.D.

Abstract:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly growing and is expected to play a crucial role in
5G networks by enabling global connectivity for many low-cost IoT devices. The Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) technol-
ogy to meet this demand. However, terrestrial networks (TN) alone cannot fully meet
the market’s needs for NB-IoT. Recognizing this, the 3GPP TR 36.763 study (Release
17) on NB-IoT over Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) highlights key improvements in
service continuity, global reach, and scalability when NB-IoT is deployed through NTN.
This study explores the coverage capabilities and visibility characteristics of the satel-
lites from the OneWeb Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation for Narrowband Internet
of Things (NB-IoT) applications. The satellite’s orbital parameters, coverage geometry,
and access intervals were analyzed using MATLAB’s Satellite Communication Toolbox
to evaluate its performance in communication with NB-IoT devices located in the Czech
Republic. The study continues on the design of antenna models for both the satellite and
NB-IoT devices, enabling a comprehensive link budget analysis of uplink and downlink
paths. This analysis supports investigation of the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) and the
available connectivity time. In addition, latency is analyzed from a system-level perspec-
tive, considering both transmission and propagation delays in the uplink transmissions.

Keywords:

NB-IoT, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), Satellite Communication.

Date of defence

09.06.2026

Result of the defence

Defended (thesis was successfully defended)

znamkaBznamka

Grading

B

Process of defence

Student presented the results of her thesis and the committee got familiar with reviewer's report. Student defended her Diploma Thesis. and answered the questions from the members of the committee and the reviewer

Language of thesis

English

Faculty

Department

Study programme

Communications and Networking (MPAD-CAN)

Composition of Committee

prof. Ing. Zdeněk Smékal, CSc. (předseda)
doc. Ing. Ivo Lattenberg, Ph.D. (místopředseda)
doc. Ing. Lukáš Malina, Ph.D. (člen)
Ing. Štěpán Miklánek, Ph.D. (člen)
Ing. Jiří Přinosil, Ph.D. (člen)
Ing. Adrián Tomašov, Ph.D. (člen)
Ing. et Ing. Petr Musil (člen)
Ing. Filip Wagner (člen)

Supervisor’s report
Ing. Dinh Thao Le

The master’s thesis of Bc. Mihraban Rzgar Abdullah Abdullah presents a well-structured study of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) and their integration with Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT).
Overall, the thesis demonstrates an acceptable level of formatting and language. However, several presentational issues are evident. Some abbreviations are not defined upon first use in the main text, references are occasionally placed after punctuation marks, spaces are incorrectly inserted between numerical values and the degree symbol, and numbers and units are sometimes separated across lines. Although not critical, these shortcomings reduce the overall quality and readability of the thesis.
The theoretical part provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in NB-IoT over NTN. The practical part was logically developed in line with the assigned objectives. The student first conducted a connectivity analysis under partial satellite coverage using the Satellite Communication Toolbox. For the link budget analysis, the Antenna Toolbox was employed to design antenna models for both the satellite and the NB-IoT device, followed by mathematical calculations. However, signal strength was incorrectly expressed using the unit dB. Communication latency was subsequently evaluated through mathematical analysis.
During the preparation of the thesis, Ms. Abdullah demonstrated the ability to work independently with scientific literature and technical documentation. She actively used consultations to discuss progress and preliminary results. However, at certain stages, insufficient attention was devoted to the thesis, and some of the supervisor’s recommendations were not implemented.
Overall, the thesis represents a solid piece of research. The supervisor recommends the thesis for defense and proposes a grade of B/82. Points proposed by supervisor: 82

Grade proposed by supervisor: B

Reviewer’s report
Ing. Martin Štůsek, Ph.D.

The diploma thesis submitted by Bc. Mihraban Rzgar Abdullah Abdullah deals with the actual topic of Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) over Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN). The theoretical part of this study focuses on the description of satellite systems, NB-IoT, and NB-IoT over NTN. These chapters are followed by a mathematical analysis and MATLAB simulations of NB-IoT over NTN in the Czech Republic.
The technical level of the thesis was sufficient, and all the assigned goals were achieved. However, this study contains a significant number of formal and several factual errors. First, references are listed after punctuation; some abbreviations are not given in full form in the first occurrence, unbreakable spaces are not used for units, and incorrect multiplication signs are used. Furthermore, some terms have been redundantly explained several times, especially at the beginning of the thesis. Finally, for the representation of discontinuous phenomena, a bar graph or scatter graph is better for illustration, especially for figures 4.9, 4.11, and 4.13.
Regarding factual errors, the NB-IoT can operate in the long-term evolution (LTE) band, not an LTE-M, which is a slightly different technology.  In addition, the signal levels in the simulation results utilize incorrect units.
Overall, this thesis represents a solid research work, and the opponent recommends it for defense with grade B/85 points. Topics for thesis defence:
  1. Can you describe the differences between the units of dB, dBm, and dBi?
  2. Have you considered overheads of internet and transport layer for your 32B packet?
  3. Why did you select a 17 dBi antenna for the satellite when 3GPP proposed values of 11, 16.2, 24, and 30 dBi in their studies?
Points proposed by reviewer: 85

Grade proposed by reviewer: B

Responsibility: Mgr. et Mgr. Hana Odstrčilová