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Master's Thesis
Author of thesis: Bc. Branislav Kadlec
Acad. year: 2025/2026
Supervisor: Ing. Karel Kuchař, Ph.D.
Reviewer: Ing. Petr Blažek, Ph.D.
This thesis deals with the design and implementation of a modular automated tool for security auditing of Unix operating systems. The tool is implemented in two versions, namely in Python and Bash, with both versions enabling the execution of identical audit processes in local mode and, in the case of the Python version, also in remote mode via SSH. The theoretical part of the thesis analyzes current security requirements for operating systems and describes mechanisms of mandatory access control with a focus on SELinux and AppArmor, and provides a comparative analysis of existing auditing tools such as Lynis, OpenSCAP, Tiger, Rkhunter, and Chk-rootkit. The theoretical part also includes an analysis of the NIS2 directive and its practical implications for organizations operating Unix systems. The practical part of the thesis describes a design for a modular tool architecture with a central control script, main.py, and a class EnumerationFramework, which ensures the dynamic loading of test modules, their sequential execution, and the collection of results. The tool includes 23 implemented test modules in Python and Bash, covering ten thematic categories, including network security, user account management, kernel hardening, disk encryption, and logging configuration. The audit output is a structured report in JSON format containing identified deficiencies, recommendations for remediation, and normalized severity of findings and a numerical assessment of the overall security status. The functionality of the proposed solution was verified in an experimental setup consisting of a pair of virtualized machines in a VMware environment, where a real-world security audit scenario was simulated, including remote testing of an industrial RTU device. Measurements demonstrated that during a local audit, the tool causes a short-term increase in RAM usage of 4 to 4.5 percentage points with a baseline of around 39%, while CPU load remains negligible throughout the entire run. The total amount of data transferred during the remote audit remained under 1 MB, confirming the tool’s usability even in resource-constrained industrial environments.
security audit, Unix operating systems, automation, modular architecture, NIS2, SELinux, AppArmor, Python, Bash, hardening
Date of defence
09.06.2026
Result of the defence
Defended (thesis was successfully defended)
Grading
C
Process of defence
Student prezentoval výsledky své práce a komise byla seznámena s posudky. Otázky oponenta: - Zadání požaduje, aby bylo možné provádět audit skrze obě implementace. Můžete doložit výsledky auditu provedeného Bash verzí a vysvětlit, čím se výstup liší od verze Python, případně proč všechna měření a ukázky reportů vycházejí pouze z Python implementace? - V demonstrovaném běhu se spustilo pouze 22 z 23 testů. Můžete uvést, kolik testů a kategorií nástroj reálně obsahuje a co bylo příčinou, že se test passwordPolicyCheck v reportu neobjevil? - Bodové hodnocení vychází ze vzorce n×4 s penalizacemi podle závažnosti. Na základě, čeho byly zvoleny základní hodnota i jednotlivé penalizační váhy a jak je zajištěna srovnatelnost skóre mezi audity s odlišným počtem vykonaných testů? Student obhájil diplomovou práci s výhradami a odpověděl na otázky členů komise a oponenta.
Language of thesis
Slovak
Faculty
Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií
Department
Department of Telecommunications
Study programme
Communications and Informatics (MPC-TIT)
Composition of Committee
doc. Ing. Petr Mlýnek, Ph.D. (předseda) doc. Ing. Martin Vaculík, Ph.D. (místopředseda) doc. Ing. Pavel Šilhavý, Ph.D. (člen) doc. Ing. Martin Kyselák, Ph.D. (člen) Ing. Rudolf Vohnout, Ph.D. (člen) Ing. Pavel Bezpalec, Ph.D. (člen) Ing. Lukáš Benešl, Ph.D. (člen) Jakub Lešinský (člen) Ing. Viet Anh Phan (člen)
Supervisor’s reportIng. Karel Kuchař, Ph.D.
Grade proposed by supervisor: B
Reviewer’s reportIng. Petr Blažek, Ph.D.
Grade proposed by reviewer: D
Responsibility: Mgr. et Mgr. Hana Odstrčilová