Doctoral Thesis

Image Quality in Multimedia Systems for Virtual Reality

Final Thesis 32.25 MB Summary of Thesis 32.25 MB

Author of thesis: Ing. Marek Šimka

Acad. year: 2025/2026

Supervisor: doc. Ing. Ladislav Polák, Ph.D.

Reviewers: Ing. Lukáš Krasula, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Jesús Gutiérrez Sánchez

Abstract:

The storage and transmission requirements of omnidirectional (360°) images are significantly higher than those of conventional 2D content. Therefore, effective compression algorithms and reliable image quality assessment (IQA) methods are essential for their practical deployment. This doctoral thesis addresses the challenge of evaluating the visual quality of omnidirectional images compressed by emerging codecs, reflecting a real-world scenario in which file size must be reduced while maintaining a high level of perceived visual quality. First, it examines the applicability of emerging compression standards (JPEG XL, HEIC, AVIF) to 360° images and evaluates their performance using commonly employed IQA metrics. Next, it introduces the Omnidirectional Image Quality Assessment Database (OMNIQAD), a unique dataset that includes distortions caused by recent compression standards (the first public dataset with JPEG XL and AVIF) as well as noise-based distortions, thereby enabling reproducible research. A large-scale subjective experiment, further extended with eye-tracking data, enriches the database and provides valuable insights into how user-related factors (e.g., VR experience, visual impairments) influence perceived quality. The thesis then analyses the performance of conventional objective IQA metrics on compressed 360° images against subjective ratings. Building on these findings, a novel fusion-based omnidirectional IQA (OIQA) method is proposed. This method integrates multiple feature metrics to achieve superior correlation with human perception. Its effectiveness is validated on two datasets (OMNIQAD and CVIQ), with preliminary comparisons against deep learning-based approaches. Overall, the dissertation provides original findings on OIQA of compressed omnidirectional images, introduces OMNIQAD as a benchmarking resource for further research, and proposes an enhanced feature-fusion methodology validated across multiple datasets.

Keywords:

Omnidirectional image, 360° image, Virtual Reality, VR content, Image database, Image quality assessment, Image compression, Emerging compression algorithms, JPEG, JPEG XL, HEIC, AVIF

Date of defence

16.12.2025

Result of the defence

Defended (thesis was successfully defended)

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Process of defence

Ph.D. student Ing. Marek Simka presented the core of his work, familiarized the committee with his motivation for addressing the area of evaluating the quality of multimedia systems for virtual reality, and with the results achieved. After reading the reviews, he responded to a number of questions and comments from the reviewers and answered questions from the committee members. In conclusion, the committee agreed that the student had demonstrated the ability to conduct independent scientific work at a high level and unanimously agreed that Marek Simka had met the conditions for the award of the academic title of Doctor.

Language of thesis

English

Faculty

Department

Study programme

Electronics and Communication Technologies (DPC-EKT)

Composition of Committee

prof. Ing. Aleš Prokeš, Ph.D. (předseda)
Ing. Martin Řeřábek, Ph.D. (člen)
prof. Ing. Tomáš Kratochvíl, Ph.D. (člen)
doc. Ing. Stanislav Vítek, Ph.D. (člen)
prof. Ing. Kamil Říha, Ph.D. (člen)
Assoc. Prof. Jesús Gutiérrey (člen)
Ing. Lukáš Krasula, Ph.D. (člen)

Supervisor’s report
doc. Ing. Ladislav Polák, Ph.D.

Ph.D. student Ing. Marek Šimka, in his dissertation titled “Image Quality in Multimedia Systems for Virtual Reality”, deals with the evaluation of visual quality of omnidirectional images compressed by emerging codecs. The thesis is structured into four main parts.

The first part examines the applicability of advanced image codecs, such as JPEG XL, HEIC, and AVIF, for compressing omnidirectional images, with performance assessed using conventional objective quality metrics. The second part introduces a new database, named OMNIQAD, which contains omnidirectional images compressed using codecs JPEG, JPEG XL, AVIF and HEIC. The database also includes eye-tracking data collected through a large-scale subjective quality assessment conducted in cooperation with university CTU. The third part forms the core of the dissertation and presents extensive cross-laboratory evaluations of image quality metrics applied to compressed omnidirectional images. These evaluations employ advanced statistical methodologies to ensure robustness and reliability of the provided study. In the fourth part, a new full-reference objective metric, named QFCOI, is proposed for assessing the visual quality of omnidirectional images compressed with advanced image compression algorithms. The objective metric was thoroughly validated using rigorous statistical procedures and benchmarked against several machine learning-based approaches. All relevant outputs of the thesis, including the OMNIQAD database and the source code of the proposed objective metric, have been made publicly available to the research community. The most significant scientific contributions are contained in the third and fourth parts of the thesis. The dissertation was written in English and was completed and submitted to the faculty’s scientific department at the end of the fourth year of full-time doctoral study.

Throughout his doctoral studies, Marek Šimka worked conscientiously and demonstrated a strong interest in his chosen research area. The main results of his dissertation were presented at four international conferences and published in two scientific journals. In addition, he is the author or co-author of seven further scientific publications in the field of mobile and wireless communications. According to the Web of Science database, his articles have received 34 citations (excluding self-citations). According to SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases, this number is 62 and 80, respectively. These results clearly confirm his ability to conduct independent scientific work and to contribute new knowledge to his field.

Ing. Marek Šimka also played an important role in several grant projects carried out by his supervisor and the Department of Radio Electronics. Moreover, he participated in teaching activities, particularly laboratory exercises in the course Television Technology and Multimedia, and he supervised two bachelor theses.

In my opinion, Ing. Marek Šimka has demonstrated all the necessary qualifications for independent scientific work, and he fully meets the requirements expected of a graduate doctoral program. I therefore highly recommend the submitted dissertation for defense.

Reviewer’s report
Ing. Lukáš Krasula, Ph.D.

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Posudek oponenta [.pdf] 286,51 kB

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Posudek oponenta [.pdf] 1,19 MB

Responsibility: Mgr. et Mgr. Hana Odstrčilová