Course detail

Metallurgy of Steel

FSI-PMOAcad. year: 2025/2026

Physical and chemical fundamentals of steel production, steel production sets used in steel foundries, production of steel in basic arc furnaces and acid induction furnaces. Principles of steel-production technologies with regard to individual stages of heat, melting, oxidizing, and deoxidizing. Pouring process, pouring ladles, thermal and chemical heterogeneity of steel in the ladle. Effect of metallurgy on the properties of steel and quality of castings. Suitability of using some secondary metallurgy processes in foundries. Effect of metallurgy on economic and power demands of the production of steel for casting. Intensification of steel production. Understanding the basic physical and chemical reactions of the production of steel and their application in steel foundries.

Language of instruction

Czech

Number of ECTS credits

Mode of study

Not applicable.

Guarantor

doc. Ing. Antonín Záděra, Ph.D.

Department

Institute of Manufacturing Technology (ÚST)

Entry knowledge

The basic knowledge of chemistry, chemical reactions, chemical equilibrium, ideal gas laws. The basic knowledge of physics, kinetic theory of gases, fundamentals of thermodynamics, diffusion fundamentals - Fick's laws, Fundamentals of physical chemistry, heat of phase transformations, heat of dissolution, heat of dilution, heat of reaction, dependence of heat of reaction on temperature, process spontaneity - entropy, free enthalpy. General conditions of thermodynamic equilibria, dependence of equilibrium constant on temperature, activity, chemical potential, partial and molar quantities.

Rules for evaluation and completion of the course

Awarding the course-unit credit is conditional on active attendance at exercises. For the exam, students get list of questions covering the subject matter dealt with. The exam is oral, with written preparation.
Attendance at lecture is recommended. Attendance at seminars is required. Understanding the subject-matter delivered by the lecturer is checked in practicals. The leader of practicals assigns students independent work. Students agree with the course supervisor on making up for absence from classes.

Aims

The objective is to familiarize students with the production of steel in electric furnaces, with focus on foundry technologies in a range sufficient for foundry practice, possibly as a basis for further studies.
Basic thermodynamic calculations of equilibria in reactions taking place during the production of steel. Deriving optimum conditions for the reaction processes in the production of steel, from thermodynamic equilibria. Calculating the performance of individual melting sets. Calculating the charges and final alloying. Classification of individual types of inclusion and their effect on toughness and transient behaviour. Calculating the cost of molten metal.

Study aids

Not applicable.

Prerequisites and corequisites

Not applicable.

Basic literature

ALVAREZ, A. I.; DEGALLAIX-MOREUIL, S. Duplex Stainless Steels. GREAT BRITAIN, 2009, p. 437, ISBN 978-1-84821-137-7. (EN)
HAE-GEON-LEE, Chemical thermodynamics for metals and Material. Imperial College Press, 57 Shelton Str. London WC2H 9HE, Reprint 2001. (EN)
MYSLIVEC, T.:Fyzikálně chemické základy ocelářství, SNTL Praha 1971. (CS)
SHAMSUDDIN, M. Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes. Published by John Wiley and Sons. Hoboken. New Jersey. pp. 585. 2016. ISBN 978-1-119-07833-3 (EN)
ŠENBERGER, J.; BŮŽEK, Z.; ZÁDĚRA, A.; STRÁNSKÝ, K.; KAFKA, V. Metalurgie oceli na odlitky. Brno: VUT v Brně – Nakladatelství Vutium, 2008. 311 s. ISBN: 978-80-214-3632-9. (CS)
TURGDOGAN, E. T.: Fundamentals of Steelmaking. The Institute of Materials 1996, ISBN186125 004 5. (EN)

Recommended reading

2. Levíček, P.- Stránský,K.: Metalurgické vady ocelových odlitků, SNTL, Praha 1984.
[3] Fremunt, P.- Šimon, J : Tavení oceli v elektrických pecích, SNTL, Praha 1984.

Classification of course in study plans

  • Programme N-SLE-P Master's 1 year of study, summer semester, compulsory

  • Programme C-AKR-P Lifelong learning

    specialization CLS , 1 year of study, summer semester, elective

Type of course unit

 

Lecture

39 hod., optionally

Teacher / Lecturer

doc. Ing. Antonín Záděra, Ph.D.

Syllabus

1. History of the production of iron and steel.
2. Application of thermodynamics in steelmaking.
3. Solutions in molten iron.
4. Slags in steel production.
5. Oxidation.
6. Deoxidation.
7. Effect of metallurgy on properties.
8. Theory and practice of the production of steel in basic electric arc furnaces.
9. Theory and practice of the production of steel in basic electric arc furnaces.
10. Theory and practice of the production of steel in electric inductions furnaces.
11. Theory and practice of the production of steel in acid electric furnace.
12. Out -of-furnace refining.
13. Pouring of steel.

Laboratory exercise

26 hod., compulsory

Teacher / Lecturer

doc. Ing. Antonín Záděra, Ph.D.

Syllabus

1. Calculation of activity for different standard states.
2. Calculation of reaction heat.
3. Dependence of reaction heat on temperature.
4. Dissolution of carbon in ferrous alloys.
5. Oxygen in ferrous alloys.
6. Gases in ferrous alloys.
7. Calculation of equilibria in metallurgical reactions.
8. Desulphurization of steel.
9. Calculation of the charge and final alloying in alloyed steel.

1.-4. Measuring the temperature and activity of oxygen in steel and cast iron