Detail publikačního výsledku

The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves

OPANČAR, A.; ONDRÁČKOVÁ, P.; ROSE, D.; TRAJLINEK, J.; DEREK, V.; GLOWACKI, E.

Originální název

The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves

Anglický název

The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves

Druh

Článek WoS

Originální abstrakt

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a promising noninvasive method for neurostimulation, yet its mechanism remains debated. TIS is often described as delivering low-frequency stimulation via the amplitude modulation (beat frequency) of interfering kHz carriers. However, this view overlooks known biophysical responses to kHz stimuli. Here, we test modulated (TIS) and unmodulated kHz waveforms on peripheral nerves in Locusta migratoria and in human sensory and motor pathways. We find that stimulation thresholds and strength-frequency relationships are governed by the kHz carrier itself, with minimal dependence on amplitude modulation. Across 0.5-12.5 kHz in humans and up to 100 kHz in locusts, all waveforms show overlapping excitation behavior, indicating a shared underlying mechanism. Our results support the hypothesis that suprathreshold TIS acts through kHz rectification, rather than envelope-specific effects. We further explore modulation frequency resonance, tonic vs. phasic effects, and suggest that two-electrode premodulated kHz may offer advantages over multielectrode TIS approaches.

Anglický abstrakt

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a promising noninvasive method for neurostimulation, yet its mechanism remains debated. TIS is often described as delivering low-frequency stimulation via the amplitude modulation (beat frequency) of interfering kHz carriers. However, this view overlooks known biophysical responses to kHz stimuli. Here, we test modulated (TIS) and unmodulated kHz waveforms on peripheral nerves in Locusta migratoria and in human sensory and motor pathways. We find that stimulation thresholds and strength-frequency relationships are governed by the kHz carrier itself, with minimal dependence on amplitude modulation. Across 0.5-12.5 kHz in humans and up to 100 kHz in locusts, all waveforms show overlapping excitation behavior, indicating a shared underlying mechanism. Our results support the hypothesis that suprathreshold TIS acts through kHz rectification, rather than envelope-specific effects. We further explore modulation frequency resonance, tonic vs. phasic effects, and suggest that two-electrode premodulated kHz may offer advantages over multielectrode TIS approaches.

Klíčová slova

electrical-stimulation; frequency; muscle; excitation; neurons

Klíčová slova v angličtině

electrical-stimulation; frequency; muscle; excitation; neurons

Autoři

OPANČAR, A.; ONDRÁČKOVÁ, P.; ROSE, D.; TRAJLINEK, J.; DEREK, V.; GLOWACKI, E.

Rok RIV

2026

Vydáno

09.10.2025

Nakladatel

Springer Nature

Periodikum

Nature Communications

Svazek

16

Číslo

1

Stát

Spojené království Velké Británie a Severního Irska

Strany od

1

Strany do

16

Strany počet

16

URL

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-64059-w

Plný text v Digitální knihovně

http://hdl.handle.net/11012/255874

BibTex

@article{BUT200463,
  author="Aleksandar {Opančar} and Petra {Ondráčková} and David Samuel {Rose} and Jan {Trajlinek} and Vedran {Derek} and Eric Daniel {Glowacki}",
  title="The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves",
  journal="Nature Communications",
  year="2025",
  volume="16",
  number="1",
  pages="16",
  doi="10.1038/s41467-025-64059-w",
  issn="2041-1723",
  url="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-64059-w"
}